But finally he decided for Rudolf after his victory at Flarchheim 27 January and declared the excommunication and deposition of King Henry again 7 March This was widely felt to be an injustice. When Rudolf died on 16 October of the same year, Henry, now more experienced, took up the struggle.
In he opened the conflict against Gregory in Italy. Gregory had now become less powerful, and thirteen cardinals deserted him. Henry was crowned emperor by his rival, while Gregory himself had to flee from Rome in the company of his Norman "vassal" Robert Guiscard. KidzSearch Safe Wikipedia for Kids. Jump to: navigation , search. Hidden category: Webarchive template wayback links.
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Imperial power was finally re-established under the Hohenstaufen dynasty. Historian Norman Cantor writes of its significance:. A woodcut by Philip Van Ness , A medieval king investing a bishop with the symbols of office. After the decline of the Roman Empire and prior to the Investiture Controversy, investiture, while theoretically a task of the church, was in practice performed by members of the religious nobility.
Many bishops and abbots were themselves part of the ruling nobility. Since an eldest son would inherit the title of the father, siblings often found careers in the church. This was particularly true where the family may have established a proprietary church or abbey on their estate. Since Otto I the bishops had been princes of the empire, had secured many privileges, and had become to a great extent feudal lords over great districts of the imperial territory.
The control of these great units of economic and military power was for the king a question of primary importance, as it affected the imperial authority. It was essential for a ruler or nobleman to appoint or sell the office to someone who would remain loyal.
Since a substantial amount of wealth and land was usually associated with the office of a bishop or abbot, the sale of church offices a practice known as simony was an important source of income for leaders among the nobility, who themselves owned the land and by charity allowed the building of churches.
The crisis began when a group within the church, members of the Gregorian Reform, decided to rebel against the rule of simony by forcefully taking the power of investiture from the ruling secular power, i. The Gregorian reformers knew this would not be possible so long as the emperor maintained the ability to appoint the pope, so their first step was to forcibly gain the papacy from the control of the emperor.
An opportunity came in when six-year-old Henry IV became the German king; the reformers took advantage of his young age and inability to react by seizing the papacy by force. In a church council in Rome declared, with In Nomine Domini , that leaders of the nobility would have no part in the selection of popes, and created the College of Cardinals as a body of electors made up entirely of church officials.
Once Rome regained control of the election of the pope, it was ready to attack the practice of investiture and simony on a broad front. One clause asserted that the deposal of an emperor was under the sole power of the pope. It declared that the Roman church was founded by God alone—that the papal power was the sole universal power.
By this time, Henry IV was no longer a child, and he continued to appoint his own bishops. He reacted to this declaration by sending Gregory VII a letter in which he withdrew his imperial support of Gregory as pope in no uncertain terms.
The situation was made even more dire when Henry IV installed his chaplain, Tedald, a Milanese priest, as Bishop of Milan when another priest of Milan, Atto, had already been chosen by the pope for candidacy. In the pope responded by excommunicating Henry and deposing him as German king, releasing all Christians from their oath of allegiance to him.
Enforcing these declarations was a different matter, but the advantage gradually came to the side of the pope. They used religious reasons to continue the rebellion started at the First Battle of Langensalza in , and to seize royal holdings. Aristocrats claimed local lordships over peasants and property, built forts, which had previously been outlawed, and built up localized fiefdoms to secure their autonomy from the empire.
The Investiture Controversy continued for several decades as each succeeding pope tried to diminish imperial power by stirring up revolt in Germany. These revolts were gradually successful. Henry IV was succeeded upon his death in by his son Henry V, who had rebelled against his father in favor of the papacy, and who had made his father renounce the legality of his antipopes before he died. Later, he renounced some of the rights of investiture with the Concordat of Worms, abandoned Gregory, and was received back into communion and recognized as legitimate emperor as a result.
Henry IV. After fifty years of fighting, the Concordat of Worms provided a lasting compromise when it was signed on September 23,
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