Helicobacter pylori H. In most people, these bacteria are harmless, but in some people an H. Research has found people with severe chronic atrophic gastritis have an increased risk of developing stomach cancer, although this risk is still small.
A diet rich in pickled vegetables, such as pickled onions or piccalilli, salted fish, salt in general and smoked meats, such as pastrami or smoked beef, increases your risk of stomach cancer. Countries where this type of diet is popular, such as Japan, tend to have much higher rates of stomach cancer than the UK. A high fibre diet with five portions of fruit and vegetables a day will help protect against stomach cancer, and a diet high in fats and processed food and red meat will increase your risk of getting stomach cancer.
You're more likely to develop stomach cancer if you have a close relative with the condition, such as one of your parents or a sibling brother or sister. In such cases, it may be appropriate for your doctor to arrange genetic counselling.
It's not fully understood why stomach cancer seems to run in families. It may be because of shared risk factors, such as having similar diets or having an H. In around one in 50 cases of stomach cancer, testing has found that people share a mutation in a gene known as E-cadherin. Research into stomach cancer has also shown that you may be more at risk of getting the condition if you have the blood type A. Your blood type is passed on from your parents, so this could be another way in which family history may increase your risk of developing stomach cancer.
There's also a condition that runs in families called familial adenomatous polyposis FAP , which may increase your risk of developing stomach cancer. FAP causes small growths, called polyps, to form in your digestive system, and is known to increase your risk of developing bowel cancer. Your risk of developing stomach cancer is increased if you've had another type of cancer, such as cancer of the oesophagus or non-Hodgkin lymphoma cancer that develops in your white blood cells. For men, the risk of getting stomach cancer is increased after having prostate cancer , bladder cancer , breast cancer or testicular cancer.
For women, the risk of developing stomach cancer increases after having ovarian cancer , breast cancer or cervical cancer. Having certain medical conditions can also increase your risk of developing stomach cancer, such as pernicious anaemia a vitamin B12 deficiency, which occurs when your body can't absorb it properly , and peptic stomach ulcers an ulcer in your stomach lining, often caused by H. If you've had stomach surgery, or surgery to a part of your body that affects your stomach, you may be more likely to develop stomach cancer.
This can include surgery to remove part of your stomach known as a partial gastrectomy , surgery to remove part of your vagus nerve the nerve that carries information from your brain to organs such as your heart, lungs and digestive system , or surgery to repair a stomach ulcer.
See your GP as soon as possible if you have stomach cancer symptoms such as indigestion, unexpected weight loss, anaemia and persistent vomiting. Your GP will ask about your symptoms and examine your stomach for any lumpiness or tenderness. If they think that stomach cancer may be a possibility they'll refer you to a specialist for further investigation. Find out who should be referred for further tests for suspected stomach cancer. These may include a blood test and chest X-ray , which will assess your overall health.
A sample of your stools may also be tested for blood. Because of the potentially serious nature of stomach cancer, you should be referred to the specialist within two weeks. Read more about waiting times. An endoscopy is a procedure where the inside of your body is examined using a piece of equipment called an endoscope a long, thin flexible tube with a light and a video camera at the end.
If you need to have an endoscopy, you won't be able to eat or drink for four to eight hours before the procedure. This is to ensure your stomach and duodenum top of the small intestine are empty.
You'll be awake during the endoscopy, but may be given a sedative by injection to make you feel drowsy and relaxed. A local anaesthetic may also be sprayed onto the back of your throat, so the area is numbed.
The endoscope will be passed down your gullet food pipe and into your stomach so the specialist can look for any stomach ulcers or signs of cancer. If tissue is found that may be cancerous, a sample will be taken for testing. This procedure is known as a biopsy. The sample will be examined under a microscope in a laboratory.
The results will show whether the cells are cancerous malignant or non-cancerous benign and will usually take 7 to 10 days to come back. The endoscopy itself usually takes about 15 minutes, although you should allow about 2 hours in total for your visit. If your specialist thinks you may have cancer in the top part of your stomach, you may have an ultrasound scan at the same time as an endoscopy.
This is known as an endoscopic ultrasound and uses high-frequency sound waves to produce an image of your stomach this method is commonly used to view an unborn baby in the womb. If you have an endoscopic ultrasound, an ultrasound probe will be attached to the end of the endoscope before it's passed down your throat. The scan will help determine the stage of any cancer in the top part of your stomach. After an endoscopy, or an endoscopic ultrasound, you won't be able to drive for several hours because of the sedative.
You may also have a sore throat , although this should pass within a few days. A barium meal X-ray or barium swallow involves drinking a chalky liquid containing a substance called barium, which makes your stomach show up on an X-ray. Nowadays, however, it's less commonly used to diagnose stomach cancers. Organs such as your stomach don't usually show up on an X-ray because they're made of soft tissue that isn't dense enough to stop the X-rays passing through.
However, when these organs are filled with barium, it blocks the X-rays and shows up white on an X-ray screen. You won't able to eat or drink for at least 6 hours before the procedure because your stomach and duodenum need to be empty.
You may be given an injection to relax the muscles in your digestive system. A barium swallow usually takes about 15 minutes. Afterwards, you'll be able to eat and drink as normal, although you may need to drink more water to help flush the barium out of your system. You may feel slightly sick, and the barium may cause constipation. Your stools may be white for a few days afterwards as the barium passes through your system.
If you're diagnosed with stomach cancer, further tests may be needed to help determine how far it's spread and how quickly it's likely to spread known as the stage and grade. Your cancer specialist oncologist will discuss this with you. However, it may not always be possible to identify the exact stage of your condition until your treatment starts. Your specialist may need to examine your stomach in more detail to see if the cancer has spread, particularly to the lining of the abdominal cavity peritoneum.
If it has, you may need to have a small operation called a laparoscopy. This procedure is carried out under a general anaesthetic , so you'll be unconscious during it. During the procedure, a thin viewing tube with a camera at the end a laparoscope will be inserted into your stomach through a small incision in the lower part of your tummy.
In some cases, your specialist may need to examine more than one area of your stomach and make more than one incision. A computer is then used to put the images together and create a detailed picture of the inside of your body. These scans will help your doctor assess how advanced your cancer is.
It allows them to see whether the cancerous cells have formed tumours anywhere else in the body. The scans can also help your doctors work out which type of treatment will be most effective and appropriate for you. If your specialist thinks your stomach cancer may have spread to your liver, you may need to have a liver ultrasound. This type of scan uses high-frequency sound waves to produce an image of your liver. After all of the tests have been completed and your test results are known, it should be possible to tell what stage and grade of stomach cancer you have.
Staging is a measurement of how far cancer has spread. There are a number of different ways stomach cancer can be staged. One method uses a numbering system from 1 to 4. The higher the number, the further the cancer has spread. The majority of stomach cancers are at stage 3 or 4 when diagnosed, which means a cure isn't usually possible. Grading describes how quickly the cancer is likely to spread in the future.
There are 3 grades of stomach cancer:. Cancer Research UK has more information about the staging and grading of stomach cancer. The treatments recommended for stomach cancer will depend on your general health and how far the cancer has spread. Most hospitals use multidisciplinary teams made up of a number of different specialists see below who work together to plan and carry out the best treatment, tailored to your circumstances. The main treatments for stomach cancer are surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
You may have one of these treatments or a combination. If surgery is recommended, you may have chemotherapy beforehand. If the tumour is in the upper part of your stomach, including the junction between the oesophagus and stomach, you may also have radiotherapy prior to surgery. Surgery is mainly used if stomach cancer is diagnosed at an early stage, whereas chemotherapy and radiotherapy tend to be used when the condition is diagnosed at a later stage.
Where possible, the primary aim of treatment is to completely remove the tumour and any other cancerous cells in your body. If it's not possible to remove the tumour, your doctors will focus on trying to prevent it from getting any bigger and causing further harm to your body. This may be done using surgery or chemotherapy. In some cases, it's not possible to eliminate the cancer or slow it down.
In this case, your treatment will aim to relieve your symptoms and make you as comfortable as possible, usually with surgery or radiotherapy. A relatively new medication called trastuzumab see below can also be used to treat some types of advanced stomach cancer.
If you're diagnosed with stomach cancer at an early stage, it may be possible for the cancer to be completely removed during surgery. In some cases, it may be possible to pass a thin, flexible tube endoscope down your oesophagus gullet , rather than making incisions in your tummy. This is known as endoscopic surgery, and can be used to remove a sample of the tumour for testing biopsy. It can also be used to remove the tumour completely if stomach cancer is diagnosed at an early stage.
However, if your cancer has spread beyond your stomach, it may not be possible to remove it completely. If this is the case, you may still have surgery to remove any cancer blocking your stomach, to ease your symptoms. This will depend on whether your symptoms can be controlled and the risks and side effects of undertaking major surgery.
Any type of surgery for stomach cancer will involve a large operation and a long recovery time. If you have stomach cancer surgery, you'll usually need to stay in hospital for around 2 weeks.
You'll also need several weeks at home to recover. We welcome patients with or without a referral. Please call for support from a Moffitt representative. New Patients and Healthcare Professionals can submit an online form by selecting the appropriate buttonbelow. Existing patients can call Click here for a current list of insurances accepted at Moffitt. Moffit now offers Virtual Visits for patients. If you are eligible for a virtual appointment, our scheduling team will discuss this option further with you.
Moffitt Cancer Center is committed to the health and safety of our patients and their families. A secure website for patients to access their medical care at Moffitt. An online resource for referring physicians and their staff. In stage 4, the cancer has metastasized , or spread, beyond the stomach into other areas of the body. About four out of five stomach cancers in the United States are diagnosed after the cancer has spread to other areas of the body.
The five-year survival rate for those diagnosed with stage 4 stomach cancer is 4 percent. Next topic: How is stomach cancer diagnosed? Make a difference in the fight against cancer by donating to cancer research. Call us anytime. This page was updated on September 21, Stomach cancer stages. The TNM system considers three important factors: T tumor : This describes the size and growth of the primary stomach tumor. These categories are then grouped into stomach cancer stages from Stage 0: Early stage stomach cancer may also be referred to as carcinoma in situ , because the cancer has not spread into any nearby tissue.
Stage 1 stomach cancer: This stage of stomach cancer is divided into two categories: Stage 1A stomach cancer occurs when the cancer has grown beneath the top layer of cells in the mucosa but has not grown into the main muscle layer of the stomach. The cancer has not spread to any lymph nodes or anywhere else. Stage 1B stomach cancer occurs when one of the following conditions are met: The conditions of stage 1A are met, and the cancer has also spread to one or two lymph nodes near the stomach, but not to any other tissues or organs.
The cancer has grown into the main muscle layer of the stomach wall, but has not spread to nearby lymph nodes, tissues or organs.
Stage 2 stomach cancer : This stage of stomach cancer is divided into two categories: Stage 2A stomach cancer occurs when one of the following conditions are met: The cancer has grown beneath the top layer of cells. It has not reached the main muscle layer, but it has spread to between three and six lymph nodes near the stomach. Distant sites have not been affected. The cancer has grown into the main muscle layer of the stomach. It has spread to one or two nearby lymph nodes but has not spread to distant sites.
The cancer has grown through the main muscle layer into the subserosa but has not grown through all the layers to the outside of the stomach. It has not spread to any nearby lymph nodes, tissues, or organs outside of the stomach. Stage 2B occurs when one of the following conditions are met: The cancer has grown beneath the top layer of cells but not into the main muscle layer.
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