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Please reconnect. This website uses cookies to improve your user experience. By continuing to use the site, you are accepting our use of cookies. The depositional history of an oil shale includes the organisms and sediments that were deposited, as well as how those deposits interacted with pressure and heat.
The van Krevelen Diagram is a method of classifying oil shales based on their depositional history. The diagram divides oil shales according to where they were deposited: in lakes lacustrine , in the ocean marine , or on land terrestrial.
Oil shales from lacustrine environments formed mostly from algae living in freshwater, saltwater, or brackish water. Lamosite and torbanite are types of oil shales associated with lacustrine environments. Lamosite deposits make up some of the largest oil shale formations in the world.
Oil shales from marine environments formed mostly from deposits of algae and plankton. Kukersite, tasmanite, and marinite are types of marine shales.
Tasmanite is named after the region in which it was discovered, the island of Tasmania, Australia. Marinite, the most abundant of all oil shales, is found in environments that once held wide, shallow seas. Although marinite is abundant, it is often a thin layer and not economically practical to extract. The largest marinite deposits in the world are in the United States, stretching from the states of Indiana and Ohio through Kentucky and Tennessee.
Oil shales from terrestrial environments formed in shallow bog s and swamp s with low amounts of oxygen. The deposits were mostly the waxy or corky stems of hardy plants. Cannel coal was used primarily as fuel for streetlights and other illumination in the 19th century.
Oil shales are classified in three main types based on their mineral content: carbonate-rich shale, siliceous shale, and cannel shale. Carbonate-rich shale deposits have high amounts of carbonate minerals. Carbonate minerals are made of various forms of the carbonate ion a unique compound of carbon and oxygen.
Calcite, for instance, is a carbonate mineral common in carbonate-rich shales. Calcite is a primary component of many marine organisms. Calcite helps form the shells and hard exteriors of oysters, sea stars, and sand dollars. Plankton, red algae, and sponges are also important sources of calcite. Siliceous shale is rich in the mineral silica, or silicon dioxide.
Siliceous shale formed from organisms such as algae, sponges, and microoganisms called radiolarians. Algae have a cell wall made of silica, while sponges and radiolarians have skeletons or spicule s made of silica. Siliceous oil shale is sometimes not as hard as carbonate-rich shale, and can more easily be mined. Cannel shale has terrestrial origins, and is often classified as coal. It is made up from the remains of resin, spores, and corky materials from woody plants.
It can contain the minerals inertinite and vitrinite. Cannel shale is rich in hydrogen, and burns easily. People have been using oil shale for thousands of years. Ancient Mesopotamia ns used shale oil to pave roads and caulk ships. Ancient Mongolians dipped the tips of their arrows in shale oil during battles, sending flaming arrows at their enemies. In the Middle East, sticky shale oil was even a component of decorative mosaic s.
The modern shale industry began in the 19th century. This industry used industrial processes to heat shale in order to extract oil. Shale oil was used for a variety of products, including paraffin wax. European countries, and later the United States, began extracting oil shale and shale oil and burning them as sources of fuel. The first U. Extracting and processing shale oil is an expensive and difficult process.
Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are less expensive to extract. Australia, Brazil, Switzerland, Sweden, Spain, and South Africa began mining oil shale in the 19th and 20th centuries, but they all stopped production by the s. The U. Many nations, including Estonia, China, and Brazil, continue to rely on oil shale for fuel.
It is burned to generate electricity , is a component in chemical industries, and byproduct s are used in cement production. Obtaining shale oil from oil shale involves heating kerogen in a process called pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is a form of heating without the use of oxygen. Pyrolysis can either be done ex situ above ground or in situ below ground. During the ex situ process, oil shale is first extracted from the earth by surface or underground mining.
The rock is crushed, and then retort ed heated to release the shale oil. The shale oil is then refined of impurities, such as sulfur. During the in situ process, oil shale is not mined or crushed. Instead, the rock is heated to its oil window while it is still underground.
One technology used for in situ oil extraction is known as volumetric heating. In this process, the rock is heated directly with an electric current. The heating element is injected either directly in a horizontal well or into a fractured area of the rock, until the oil shale begins producing shale oil.
The oil could then be pumped directly from underground. The internal combustion process uses a combination of gas, steam and spent shale produced by ex situ processing. These compounds are burned for pyrolysis.
The hot gas is continually cycled through the oil shale, pyrolyzing the rock and releasing oil. Unfortunately, substances in the oil shale, such as sulfides, react with water to form toxic compounds that are harmful to the environment and to us.
Sulfides can cause effects from eye irritation to suffocation. Water containing toxic substances is unusable, and expensive to decontaminate. The process also produces heaps of ash. This ash can pollute ground, air, and water sources. Oil shale resources in Great Britain, 2. Department of Geological Sciences, London.
Coaxing oil from shale. Oilfield Review, 22 4. Status and importance of oil shale. Oil shale development in the United States: Prospects and policy issues. Processing oil shale. World energy outlook. Non-nuclear energy research in Europe: A comparative study, 2. A study on the EU oil shale industry: Viewed in the light of the Estonian experience.
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